Home Style Cookies # Case Study - 653 Words

HOME STYLE COOKIES # CASE STUDY MGH:620 ORGANIZATIONS MANAGEMENT amp; SUPPLY CHAIN JANUARY 15 ,2015 HOME STYLE COOKIES The case study entitled Home Style Cookies presents a broad spectrum analysis examining the operations of a baking company located in a small town in New York State. This company operates in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey . It employs around 200 workers and they work in an informal atmosphere. Question:1 Brief description of Production Process The production process is explained in great detail , beginning with the use of a pair of continuously operating brand ovens which is known as a batch processing system. As soon as management gets order from distributor it helps them to schedule their†¦show more content†¦The company means to market their cookies to a limited tri-state area . The cookie company strives to make health conscience cookies that are marketed as â€Å"Good Food† because they do not use preservatives in the production of their cookies. References Title: Operations Management Publisher: McGraw-Hill Irwin Author(s): Stevenson, W. Edition: 10th Edition, 2009 Page :Show MoreRelatedHome Style Cookies Case Study903 Words   |  4 PagesHome-Style Cookies In this case study, the focus revolves around the Lew Mark Baking Company. The Lew-Mark Baking Company according to the case study is from a small town in western New York. Lew-mark Baking company operates in New York and New Jersey. It employs around 200 workers in a mainly blue collar, informal atmosphere. In my paper, I will answer several questions about operations for this company The Cookie Production Process When describing the cookie production process for Lew-mark bakingRead MoreHome Style Cookies Case Study892 Words   |  4 PagesHome-Style Cookies In this case study, the focus revolves around the Lew Mark Baking Company. The Lew-Mark Baking Company according to the case study is from a small town in western New York. 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Environment is our surrounding Free Essays

Environment is our surrounding which includes everything from a non-living to a living being. There are two kinds namely the natural environment and Built environment. In actual parlance if one has to describe a natural environment it is one that has natural existence and the built is one that man is responsible for like the dams cities etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Environment is our surrounding or any similar topic only for you Order Now The natural atmosphere is being polluted due to the unnatural factors. While natural causes like volcano’s have its own turn in causing pollution it is the man made ones that are more rampant. It is the reckless and the caustic human ature that is primarily responsible for the environmental pollution. It is the self centered humans that are causing more destruction to the environment. It is natural for every human being to live in the circumstances they are born and any changes to it causes a lot of trouble. Built environment, which lacks natural components, has become quite significant in today’s era. There is a lot of environmental peril that has been responsible for the problems associated with mother earth like Global Land degradation and pollution ,water polution,wast of forests,expended desertsveen ouse effect,global warms and polar ice cap melting. Global Warming is defined as the increase in the average temperature of the earth near surface air and ocean since the mid 20th century and its projected continuation. There is a lot of heat caused to the earth due to the green house gases that get rapt in the suns rays thereby causing global warming. The growth in population and also the economic advancement that has added to pollution as well is the causes that affect the environmental corrosion . Every living and non living thing is being affected by this so ne must understand that biophysical environment is meant for all and understand the importance of ecological balance. I think that everyone can take steps to control all the essential things affecting the pollution. The consumption of petroleum has to be brought down by one and all. The first step towards reducing our dependence on petroleum is to understand what products are made from petroleum. It is necessary that one takes sufficient measures to reduce the environmental degradation. It is better that we look for natural solutions like shift to a more fuel efficient vehicle make se of paper bags try to economize by using the car pool or public transport, go by walk or use a bicycle, recycle things etc. It is the responsibility of every person in checking the causes that affect the environmental disaster and play a positive role in improving it and these things have also got to be mentioned. One must realize the importance of a healthy environment and that it is for his own benefit to protect it and to take measures to make the world clean and green because as the proverb says â€Å"We wont have a society if we destroy the environment†. Environment is our surrounding By Procop8 How to cite Environment is our surrounding, Papers

Rana Plaza Business Organisation and Policy

Question: On April 24 2013, 1134 people were killed and 2,500 were injured when the Rana Plaza building in Savar, Bangladesh collapsed on top of garment workers inside its factories. It would be known as the worst accident in the garment industry anywhere.This happened only five months after a horrific fire at a similar facility prompted leading multinational brands to pledge to work to improve safety in the countrys booming but poorly regulated garment industry.Labour groups, Western clothing companies, the Bangladeshi government and others have made some progress toward preventing similar tragedies, but more still needs to be done.There was never any doubt that improving working conditions in Bangladesh, one of the worlds poorest countries, would be incredibly difficult. The collapse of Rana Plaza was just one, though by far the worst in a series of industrial accidents in Bangladeshs garment industry, which has become one of the biggest exporters of clothes to the United States and Europe b ecause of its low wages.It was later discovered that 28 brands that sourced clothes from the plaza included Primark, Bennetton, Mango, Matalan and Bonmache, prompting public concernabout the working conditions of garment factories around the world which contribute to western high street fashion stores.Ethical consumerism encourages people to think about how the products they buy are sourced and produced which are not harmful to the environment and society. This can be evidenced through simply purchasing eggs that are free-range or boycotting goods/companies which promote child labour or unsavoury working conditions.Ethical consumerism is a growing market. A recent report from the Co-operative Bank showed a third of UK consumers claiming to be concerned about ethical consumption, with a large number of the public willing to challenge and boycott companies which do not comply with ethical standards.You are required to write an analytical business report that covers the following tasks :Task Discuss the ways in which companies, like the ones mentioned in the extract above, that sourced clothes from the Rana Plaza can help improve business practices to prevent recurrence of events of this nature. Choose any company, research and evidence how they operate ethically, taking into account their approach to consumerism, values and environmental friendliness. Answer: Executive Summary This report involved a critical analysis of the ways in which the purchaser from westernised countries could avoid the situations similar to that of Rana Plaza from occurring in future and also the approach of Tesco towards ethical consumerism. The conduct of analysis has indicated different important ways in which the purchaser could avoid such occurrence of building collapse from taking place further. These initiatives are mainly in terms of providing higher pay, sourcing materials from suppliers that comply with the terms on providing best working environment to their employees, and many more. The analysis of ethical approach of Tesco Plc indicated that the company is highly ethical and adapts a range of ethical practices as a part of its daily performance of business practices. Introduction This is a case study analysis based on the case of Rana Plaza as provided. An analysis of the case indicates the event at Rana Plaza that has killed 1134 people and 2500 were injured. The case questions the role of companies that sources their requirements from this plaza, and their roles and responsibility towards such incidents. Businesses across the world are concerned with making their own profit and they are not concerned with the labour or workers that are actually involved in the manufacturing of such products and services. As a result, the case questions the concept of ethical consumerism in particular which indicates that the consumers of product should be aware of the processes that are being carried out by the companies in sourcing or producing such products. Overall, the case deals in the ethical values in the purchasing process, and raises significant such questions regarding the product sourcing by these companies. This report therefore analyses the ways in which the western companies that sourced their requirements from such Rana Plaza can achieve improvement in respect to their business practices in avoiding such collapses. In addition to this, the analysis also focuses on selecting a company with a view to analyse the ways in which they operate in an ethical way by taking into consideration their approach to consumerism, values and environmental friendliness. Ways of Improving Business Practices in Preventing Recurrence of Such Events The case analysis of Rana Plaza in particular has indicated that there are westernised companies that have primarily become the customers of the garment industry that was operating in it. The collapse of Rana Plaza has killed many people and also raised questions on many such firms that are sourcing their requirements for garments from this Rana Plaza. Although such incident in the form of collapse of such Rana Plaza has taken place, yet there can be several such measures that could be employed in order to ensure that similar kinds of incidents can be prohibited from occurrence in the future. These important initiatives are discussed as follows: An analysis of the case of Rana Plaza indicated that before the incident actually taken place, it was identified that there were certain cracks that have been discovered in the building. However, despite identifying such cracks, no major initiatives have been considered and the resulting impact is therefore the final collapse of the building. In this kind of circumstances, the companies that have sourced their requirements from Rana Plaza should have avoided purchasing their requirements for garments by claiming that their premises need to be changed or they need to be repaired before allowing the employees to work on. This could be an important strategy that could have prevented the occurrence of such incidents as evident in respect to Rana Plaza In Bangladesh (Rana Plaza Victims Still Await Compensation, 2013). Apart from the above major initiative, the case analysis of Rana Plaza has indicated that majority of the companies that sourced garments from Rana Plaza are the westernised companies based in UK and US. The main concern of these companies as identified from the case analysis is that they are focused towards purchasing their requirements at cheaper cost. Availing garments at lower cost has been the prime motive factor behind their sourcing of garments from Bangladesh. This has been possible to them because of the cheap availability of labour. Their lower payment for the purchases has been a major factor which forces this labour to work under such adverse situations whereby they have identified that the working conditions are not favourable to them. Such policy of lower payment for the purchases is therefore a major factor that can be regarded as a potential factor contributed towards the collapse of Rana Plaza. The situation can therefore by avoided by raising the standards through i ncreased payment to the labour so that they have better opportunities of working across efficient working conditions (Bangladesh: Rana Plaza Victims Urgently Need Assistance, 2014). Another major factor that could have restricted the occurrence of such collapses of building is by way of developing the overall infrastructure across the country. In this respect, the role and contribution of such westernised companies is significantly higher as they could potentially contribute towards the overall improvement in the infrastructure of the country. This is mainly because they could make larger payments for the purchases of garments as made by them, and this could contribute largely towards taxation liability. As a result, the earning could have been utilised by the government in the development of infrastructure across the economy, and the resulting impact is therefore efficient overall working processes being carried out by Bangladeshi people. The companies making purchase from the operators in building such as Rana Plaza could also avoid making use of the garment products as produced by these manufacturers that exploits local people. These westernised companies could include purchasing terms and agreements which must be complied by the local manufacturers. These terms could be in the form of providing safe working environment to their employees, or making it essential that the employees are paid reasonably higher for the contribution of efforts as made by them. This would require the local manufacturers in Bangladesh to make use of efficient policies aimed at meeting out the expectations of these westernised companies positively and thereby in satisfying their terms (Gomes, 2013). These above indicated policies and procedures are certain important ways through which the prevention of the occurrence of such events can be ensured. However, it is not only these companies that could account for the restriction of such practices or exposure of employees to threats, rather there is a requirement for collaborative efforts from large number of people and authorities. As for instance, the role of government of the economy is significantly important because government can devise strategies and initiatives that could ensure the development of infrastructure and also provides the local people with sufficient level of opportunities. There can be the formulation of policies and procedures by the government which could restrict the usage of child labour from the process, and there could also be the restriction with respect to the over exploitation of workers across the country. Apart from this, the employers are also required to make arrangement of proper working environment condition for their employees so that the threats of collapses of buildings could be restricted from occurrence. Selection of a Company that Operates Ethically The analysis in this section is now focused towards performing a critical assessment of a company that claims to operate in an ethical way. The company as selected for the purpose of analysis is Tesco Plc which has been a UK based Retail Company. Tesco is operating at a larger level and it accounts for covering majority of the retail markets in UK and also has its operations across majority parts of the world. This section of analysis is now focused towards evaluating the ways in which Tesco operates ethically and also analyses the approach of the company towards consumerism, values and environmental friendliness. Ethical Operations by Tesco Plc: An analysis of Tesco Plc indicates that the company claims to operate in a highly ethical way. The ways in which the policies and procedures are carried out at Tesco Plc are identified as highly ethical. As for example, Tesco makes it sure that ethical values are observed in respect to all the major areas of its operations whether it includes the sourcing of raw material or the management of wastes in its processes and activities. The ethical values are also evident in respect to the employee management process that has been carried out across the company, and with respect to the environmental performance, there has been specific level of emphasis being placed at Tesco to achieve environment compliance processes and procedures (Harrison, Newholm and Shaw, 2005). Approach to Consumerism, Values and Environmental Friendliness: The approach of Tesco Plc towards consumerism, values and environmental friendliness can be better assessed by way of examining the policies and practices that are being carried out across the company. An analysis of practices at Tesco Plc indicates that the company focuses on the welfare of society at large, and this is evident from the positive waste management practices as adopted by the company. As Tesco is operating on such a larger basis, it results into the generation of wastes across the company on huge level. This has been addressed at Tesco through its FairShare initiative through which the surplus production of foods are provided to the community people that need meals (Tesco Foodwaste, 2014). In addition to this, Tesco has strict sourcing policies whereby its suppliers are required to meet out all its requirements in order to become its suppliers. As for example, Tesco has policy aimed at protecting the domes tic suppliers and this shows that the company is extremely concerned with operating in ethical way. Tesco does not allow the activities such as performance of animal testing, as they are completely prohibited from performance. It is not only these moral obligations that are being fulfilled at Tesco, but the company also accounts for fulfilling the legal aspects in performing the management of its business (Tesco Animal Welfare, 2014). The important codes of conduct that are being complies by Tesco Plc includes the UK Bribery Act 2010, UN Global Compact Principle 10 (Trading Responsible, 2014). The environmental initiatives that are being considered by Tesco Plc includes operating zero carbon stores by the company, conserving water resources and looking towards making minimal use of water resources etc (Guido, 2009). The above analysis indicated that there has been positive level of approach to Tesco Plc towards the concept of consumerism, values and environmental friendliness. Conclusion A critical analysis of the case of Rana Plaza has been performed and it is evaluated that the role of purchasers from the westernised countries could play an important role in restricting the occurrence of such cases as evident in respect to Rana Plaza. They are required to make it sure that they purchases from the suppliers that pay adequate attention in providing good working conditions. They can also increase the pay to employees who work under such factory, and many such initiatives have been identified. Apart from this, a case company Tesco Plc has been selected in order to analyse its approach towards ethical consumerism and it is evaluated that Tesco has good approach towards ethical consumerism. There are a large range of initiatives that are considered by the company such as ethical trading, responsible sourcing of raw materials, water resource conservation and many more. Recommendations There are certain recommendations that are considered essential and these are indicated as follows: Companies should focus more on trading in an ethical manner in their operations. They should emphasise the concept of consumerism (Harrison, Newholm and Shaw, 2005). The responsible sourcing of materials is essential for an organisation to succeed (Tesco Resources, 2014) There should be adequate importance that should be placed on the environmental performance by the company (Harrison, Newholm and Shaw, 2005). Paying adequately to the employees is essential so that they get better working environment conditions and the chances of building collapses are eliminated. Government of an economy plays an important role and they should contribute positively towards making it sure that the infrastructure levels are efficiently addressed and managed (Harrison, Newholm and Shaw, 2005). References Bangladesh: Rana Plaza Victims Urgently Need Assistance, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/23/bangladesh-rana-plaza-victims-urgently-need-assistance [Accessed: 23 March 2015]. Guido, G. (2009), Behind Ethical Consumption: Purchasing Motives and Marketing Strategies for Organic Food Products, Non-GMOs, Bio-fuels, Peter Lang.Gomes, W. (2013). Reason and responsibility: the Rana Plaza collapse [Online]. Available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/opensecurity/william-gomes/reason-and-responsibility-rana-plaza-collapse [Accessed: 23 March 2015]. Harrison, R., Newholm, T. and Shaw, D. (2005), The Ethical Consumer, SAGE.In Bangladesh, Rana Plaza Victims Still Await Compensation, (2013) [Online]. Available at: https://world.time.com/2013/09/16/in-bangladesh-rana-plaza-victims-still-await-compensation/ [Accessed: 23 March 2015]. Tesco Foodwaste, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/assets/files/cms/Resources/Food_waste/How_we_calculate_our_foo d_waste_figure_1.pdf [Accessed: 23 March 2015]. Trading Responsibly, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/assets/files/cms/Resources/Trading_Responsibly/Anti_Bribery.pdf [Accessed: 23 March 2015].Tesco Animal Welfare, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/assets/files/cms/Animal_Welfare_1.pdf [Accessed: 23 March 2015].Trading Responsibly, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/assets/files/cms/Resources/Trading_Responsibly/Anti_Bribery.pdf [Accessed: 23 March 2015].Tesco Resources, (2014) [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=83#ref_society/resources [Accessed: 23 March 2015].

The Economic Impact Of The Attack On The World Trade Center Essays

The Economic Impact Of The Attack On The World Trade Center THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE ATTACK ON THE WORLD CENTER AND THE PENTAGON TRADE The effects of the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon are rippling throughout the world, by sector, by region, and by market. Bond markets, inside and outside the U.S., already jittery from a deceleration in worldwide economic activity, are struggling to find direction in the aftermath of the attack. There now seems little doubt that the U.S. and global economies will slip into recession. The aerospace, insurance and banking industries, directly connected with the attack, will suffer the most. The airline sector had already been suffering a slowdown as a result of lower economic growth and cutbacks in business travel. Then, at the moment the first plane hit the first tower, the U.S. airline industry was dealt an even more severe blow. In the ten days that followed, nine U.S. airlines were downgraded or had their ratings put on credit watch with negative implications. Airports and aerospace also felt the credit impact. In New York, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, housed in the World Trade Center, was placed on credit watch with negative implications, and, in the days that followed, every North American airport and airport-related special facility and 13 commercial aerospace companies--airplane manufacturers; engine producers; suppliers of aircraft systems, components, and materials; and vendors providing aviation supportwere put on credit watch with negative implications. The effect of the attack on the World Trade Center, due to diminished air travel, goes f urther in affecting the hotel industry and tourism. Now, as the death toll rises and as property damage is beginning to be assessed, it seems quite likely that this catastrophe will be insurers' largest-ever insured loss. Insurance analysts have said that, once losses exceeded $15 billion, it would expect to see a significant impact on the balance sheets of individual insurers. So far, estimated net aggregate insured losses, from 55 leading insurers and reinsurers, are $19.2 billion. This figure is expected to continue rising. Rob Jones, a director in Standard & Poor's Financial Services group in London, has said that losses would have to exceed $50 billion before the entire industry were in trouble, and it is fast approaching that line. Even in Asia's emerging economies, insurance companies are likely to feel the impact of the attack. Although Asian companies are more likely to be affected by exposure to investment volatility more than by exposure to claims, the ratings on subsidiaries of foreign insurers may be affected in the event that their parent companies incur major claims as a result of the attacks on U.S. targets. Alan Greenspan, chairman of the U.S. central bank, expects some difficult times ahead for companies and workers but remains optimistic about the long-term strength of the U.S. economy. Testifying before the House of Representatives Banking Committee September 20, Greenspan said that the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon caused considerable uncertainty that resulted in business cutting back or delaying spending plans. Indeed, much economic activity ground to a halt last week, he said. Banks and investment banks have mostly weathered the initial phase of the dislocations caused by the attacks on the World Trade Center. The payments system continued to work even in the immediate aftermath of the disaster, and financial markets are now all open for business once again. Financial analysts plan to focus on the medium to longer-term implications. For example, credit exposure to those industries that may have been most affected by the disaster will add to the already mounting credit problems that some banks may have. Investment banks could be especially vulnerable to the business interruption and potential impact of a further slowdown in already weak capital markets. Any aggressive share buybacks will further reduce the tolerance threshold for earnings pressures. Outside the U.S., the attacks are likely to add to the pressures of banks, as investment volatility becomes a threat to the already precarious financial positions of banks. Though the economic effects of the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have raised various opinions from financial analysts, none of them has the capacity to

Facts About the First Televised Presidential Debate

Facts About the First Televised Presidential Debate The first televised presidential debate took place on Sept. 26, 1960, between Vice President Richard M. Nixon and U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy. The first televised debate is considered among the most important in American history not just because of its use of a new medium but its impact on the presidential race that year. Many historians believe Nixons ​pale, sickly and sweaty appearance helped to seal his demise in the 1960 presidential election, even though he and Kennedy were considered equals in their knowledge of policy issues. On sound points of argument, The New York Times later wrote, Nixon probably took most of the honors. Kennedy went on to win the election that year. Criticism of TV Influence on Politics The introduction of television to the electoral process forced candidates to tend not only the substance of serious policy issues but such stylistic matters as their manner of dress and haircut. Some historians have bemoaned the introduction of television to the political process, particularly the presidential debates. The present formula of TV debate is designed to corrupt the public judgment and, eventually, the whole political process, historian Henry Steele Commager wrote in the Times after the Kennedy-Nixon debates of 1960. The American presidency is too great an office to be subjected to the indignity of this technique. Other critics have argued that the introduction of television to the political process forces candidates to speak in short sound bites that can be cut and rebroadcast for easy consumption through advertisements or news broadcasts. The effect has been to remove most nuanced discussion of serious issues from American discourse. Support for Televised Debates The reaction wasnt all negative to the first televised presidential debate. Some journalists and media critics said the medium allowed broader access to Americans of the often cryptic political process. Theodore H. White, writing in The Making of the President 1960, said the televised debates allowed for the simultaneous gathering of all the tribes of America to ponder their choice between two chieftains in the largest political convocation in the history of man. Another media heavyweight, Walter Lippmann, described the 1960 presidential debates as a bold innovation which is bound to be carried forward into future campaigns and could not now be abandoned. Format of the First Televised Presidential Debate An estimated 70 million Americans tuned in to the first televised debate, which was the first of four that year and the first time two presidential candidates met face-to-face during a general election campaign. The first televised debate was broadcast by CBS affiliate WBBM-TV in Chicago, which aired the forum in place of the regularly scheduled Andy Griffith Show. The moderator of the first 1960 presidential debate was CBS journalist Howard K. Smith. The forum lasted 60 minutes and focused on domestic issues. A panel of three journalists- Sander Vanocur of NBC News, Charles Warren of Mutual News, and Stuart Novins of CBS- asked questions of each candidate. Both Kennedy and Nixon were allowed to make 8-minute opening statements and 3-minute closing statements. In between, they were allowed 2 and a half minutes to respond to questions and a short amount of time for rebuttals to their opponent. Behind the First Televised Presidential Debate The producer and director of the first televised presidential debate was Don Hewitt, who later went on to create the popular television news magazine 60 Minutes on CBS. Hewitt has advanced the theory that television viewers believed Kennedy won the debate because of Nixons sickly appearance, and radio listeners who could not see either candidate thought the vice president emerged victorious. In an interview with the Archive of American Television, Hewitt described Nixons appearance as green, sallow and said the Republican was in need of a clean shave. While Nixon believed the first televised presidential debate to be just another campaign appearance, Kennedy knew the event was momentous and rested beforehand. Kennedy took it seriously, Hewitt said. About Nixons appearance, he added: Should a presidential election turn on makeup? No, but this one did. A Chicago newspaper wondered, perhaps in jest, whether Nixon had been sabotaged by his makeup artist.

How Supreme Court Tie Votes Could Impact Major Cases

How Supreme Court Tie Votes Could Impact Major Cases Beyond all the political ranker and rhetoric spurred by the death of Antonin Scalia, the absence of the strongly conservative justice could have a major impact on several key cases to be decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. Background Before Scalia’s death, the justices considered to be social conservatives held a 5-4 edge over those considered liberals, and many controversial cases were indeed decided in 5-4 votes. Now with Scalia’s absence, some especially high-profile cases pending before the Supreme Court may result in 4-4 tie votes. These cases deal with issues like access to abortion clinics; equal representation; religious liberty; and deportation of illegal immigrants. The possibility for tie votes will remain until a replacement for Scalia is nominated by President Obama and approved by the Senate. This means the Court will probably deliberate with only eight justices for the rest of its current 2015 term and well into the 2016 term, which starts in October 2106. While President Obama promised to fill Scalia’s vacancy as soon as possible, the fact that Republicans control the Senate is likely to make that a hard promise for him to keep. What Happens If the Vote is a Tie? There are no tie-breakers. In the event of tie vote by the Supreme Court, the rulings issued by the lower federal courts or state supreme courts are allowed to remain in effect as if the Supreme Court had never even considered the case. However, the rulings of the lower courts will have no â€Å"precedent setting† value, meaning they will not apply in other states as with Supreme Court decisions. The Supreme Court can also reconsider the case when it again has 9 justices. The Cases in Question The highest profile controversies and cases still to be decided by the Supreme Court, with or without a replacement for Justice Scalia, include: Religious Freedom: Birth Control Under Obamacare   In the case of Zubik v. Burwell, employees of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh objected to participating in any way with the birth control coverage provisions of the Affordable Care Act – Obamacare – claiming that being forced to do so would violate their First Amendment rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision to hear the case, seven circuit courts of appeals rule in favor of the federal government’s right to impose the requirements of Affordable Care Act on the employees. Should the Supreme Court arrive at a 4-4 decision, the rulings of the lower courts would remain in effect. Religious Freedom: Separation of Church and State In the case of Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Pauley, a Lutheran church in Missouri applied for a state recycling program grant to build a children’s playground with a surface made from recycled tires. The State of Missouri denied the church’s application based on a provision of the state’s constitution stating, â€Å"no money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, section or denomination of religion.† The church sued Missouri, claiming the action had violated its First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The court of appeals dismissed the suit, thus upholding the state’s action. Abortion and Women’s Health Rights A Texas law enacted in 2013 required abortion clinics in that state to comply with the same standards as hospitals, including requiring the clinics’ doctors to have admitting privileges at hospital within 30 miles of the abortion clinic. Citing the law as the cause, several abortion clinics in the state have closed their doors. In the case of Whole Womans Health v. Hellerstedt, to be heard by the Supreme Court in March 2016, the plaintiffs argue that the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals was wrong in upholding the law. Based on his past decisions dealing with questions of the rights of the states in general and abortion specifically, Justice Scalia was expected to vote to uphold the lower court’s ruling. Update: In a major victory for  abortion rights supporters, the Supreme Court on June 27, 2016 rejected the Texas law regulating abortion clinics and practitioners in a 5-3 decision.   Immigration and Presidential Powers In 2014, President Obama issued an executive order that would allow more illegal immigrants to remain in the U.S. under the â€Å"deferred action† deportation program created in 2012, also by an Obama executive order. Ruling that Obama’s action violated the Administrative Procedure Act, the law loosely regulating the federal regulations, a federal judge in Texas barred the government from implementing the order. The judge’s ruling was then upheld by a three-judge panel of the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals. In the case of United States v. Texas, the White House is asking the Supreme Court to overturn the 5th Circuit panel’s decision. Justice Scalia was expected to vote to uphold the 5th Circuit’s decision, thus blocking the White House from implementing the order by a 5-4 vote. A 4-4 tie vote would have the same result. In this case, however, the Supreme Court might express its intention to reconsider the case after a ninth justice has been seated. Update: On June 23, 2016, the Supreme Court issue a split 4-4 â€Å"no-decision,† thus allowing the Texas court’s ruling to stand and blocking President Obama’s executive order on immigration from taking effect. The ruling could affect more than 4 million undocumented immigrants seeking to apply for the deferred action programs in order to stay in the United States. The one-sentence ruling issued by the Supreme Court simply read: â€Å"The judgment [of the lower court] is affirmed by an equally divided Court.† Equal Representation: ‘One Person, One Vote’ It may be a sleeper, but the case of Evenwel v. Abbott could affect the number of votes your state gets in Congress and thus the electoral college system. Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, the number of seats allocated to each state in the House of Representatives is based on the â€Å"population† of the state or its congressional districts as counted in the most recent U.S. census. Shortly after each decennial census, Congress adjusts each state’s representation through a process called â€Å"apportionment.† In 1964, the Supreme Court’s landmark â€Å"one person, one vote† decision ordered the states to use generally equal populations in drawing the boundaries of their congressional districts. However, the court at the time failed to precisely define â€Å"population† as meaning all people, or only eligible voters. In the past, the term has been taken to mean the total number of people living in the state or district as counted by the census. In deciding the Evenwel v. Abbott case, the Supreme Court will be called on to more clearly define â€Å"population† for purposes of congressional representation. The plaintiffs in the case contend that the 2010 congressional redistricting plan adopted by the state of Texas violated their rights to equal representation under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. They claim that their rights to equal representation had been diluted because the state’s plan had counted everyone – not just eligible voters. As a result, claim the plaintiffs, eligible voters in some districts have more power than those in other districts. A three-judge panel of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held against the plaintiffs, finding that the Equal Protection Clause allows the states to apply total population when drawing their congressional districts. Once again, a 4-4 tie vote by the Supreme Court would allow the lower court’s decision to stand, but without affecting apportionment practices in other states.

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato - Essay Example Plato's ideal society, among others, is inhabited by three classes, namely, Philosopher Kings, Guardians (soldiers) and Artisans. These three represent three elements in human nature – reason, spirit and appetite respectively. These three elements also have three corresponding virtues – wisdom, courage and temperance. There is an oft quoted saying of Plato where he puts philosophy and wisdom on the highest pedestal in the state. He says â€Å"Until philosophers are kings or the kings and princes of this world have the power of philosophy, cities will never have rest from their evils.†As such, his ideal society comprises the three main classes while his Ideal State is constructed through duly trained Philosopher Kings and Guardians. The training and discipline of philosopher kings is such that they are provided all safeguards preventing them form indulging in any digression vis-à  -vis justice in the state. Justice in the state rests in everyone following oneâ₠¬â„¢s own trade and activity for which one is suited best by nature and training (where required). The concept of justice here is linked to the Greek conception of dike, i.e., the just order. In such an order, each individual with respective and corresponding elements, virtues and metals of bronze, silver and gold is doing ones own job to a level of highest excellence. Justice, for Plato, is this excellence of work pursued in the area of one’s own best suited craft. Duly trained Guardians are to protect this Platonic city from invaders and wrong doers. These soldiers are like watchdogs and faithful to the dictates of philosopher kings and justice. Philosopher kings are the ones who can see the reality, knowledge, truth and justice. They are those who ‘know’. The education system and communism of wives and children helps prevent philosopher kings form indulging in any act of digression away from justice. Philosopher kings have come out like shining pieces of gold from the test of fire. Plato starts from state as an institution and moves to individual in his quest for justice. He considers division of labour and reciprocal needs. In this effort, he even discusses various other forms of government such as democracy, totalitarianism and aristocracy etc. He finds his ideal state as the best possible option among them all. Even entry of private property is also abolished in Republic.

Research computer forensics or cyber security professional Paper

Computer forensics or cyber security professional certifications - Research Paper Example uter forensic, the demand is high especially in the police stations due to the need of understanding computer and related issues in the law enforcement line of work computer forensics involves the analysis and investigation of computing devices for the purpose of using that knowledge to provide witness in a court of law. The term involves the collection, analysis and report of digital data in a legally admissible manner. The specialization in computer forensics assists in the detection and prevention of crime in a country, especially in a situation where there is a digital storage of information. Mostly, digital information may have storage of information in the form of internet history, emails and other documents that may prove a crime. Through a careful computer forensics analysis, it is possible to gain information on the metadata of the emails and documents. Computer forensic analysts also have a lot of importance to companies. They assist in presenting admissible information on business related issues such as industrial espionage, intellectual property theft, investigations of fraud and employment disputes. All these functions and roles of the computer forensics professionals indicate that the various professionals should have creditable certifications from professional certification bodies. It is of importance in analyzing the various aspects required of a computer forensic professional before acquiring certification. The certification of the professional computer forensic individual from a professional body will assist in legalizing the qualification of computer forensic. There exist various professional certification bodies for the computer forensic professionals, but in this research, there will only be the consideration of three professional bodies. One of the professional bodies of computer forensics professionals under consideration in the research will include the GIAC Computer Forensics certifications. The professional body offers various

Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay Example for Free

Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay Review of health and safety roles and responsibilities Identify 2 pieces of legislation relating to health, safety and welfare relevant to the workplace I have identified, The Health and safety at work act 1974 and Management health and safety at work regulations 1999. The health and safety at work act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering all work related health and safety in the UK. It sets out employers responsibilities for your health and safety at work. The Management of health and safety at work regulations make the assessment of risks a cornerstone of UK health and safety requirements. Duties statute law imposes on both the manager and the team and the managers responsibilities contained within the organisations health and safety policy. The most important responsibility as an employee is to take reasonable care of your own health and safety and if possible avoid wearing jewelry and tie hair back when using the machines. To take reasonable care not to put other people , fellow employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or dont do in the course of your work. You should co-operate with your employer, making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow the companys health and safety policies. An employee should never interfere with or misuse anything thats been provided for your health, safety or welfare. It is your duty to report any injuries, strains or illnesses you suffer as a result of doing your job. You should always tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work eg becoming pregnant or suffering an injury. All employers must make the workplace safe and prevent risks to health and ensure that the machinery is safe to use, and that safe working practices are set up and followed. The employer needs to provide adequate first aid facilities and tell you about any potential hazards from the work you do and give you information, instructions, training and supervision as needed. Emergency plans need to be set up in case of emergency. Make sure that ventilation, temperature, lighting, and toilet, washing and rest facilities all meet health, safety and welfare requirements. Check that the right work equipment is provided and is properly used and regularly maintained. Ensure that the right warning signs are provided and looked after.Report certain accidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences to either the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the local authority, depending on the type of business. Explain what is meant by a ‘competent person’ in your workplace A competent person is someone who has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities that allow them to assist members properly. The level of competence required will depend on the complexity of the situation and the particular help you need. When getting help you should give preference to those in your own organization who have the appropriate level of competence which includes the employer themselves before looking for help from outside. You must consult health and safety representatives in good time on the arrangements for competent help. Identify 2 ways you can provide health and safety information, instruction and training in your team One way you can provide health and safety information is by using leaflets and posters around the work place. You can get these from various sites including: Sector Skills Councils (www.sscalliance.org.uk); UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES)(www.ukces.org.uk); trade unions or trade associations; further education colleges; private training organisations; independent health and safety consultants; employer bodies (eg Chambers of Commerce); and qualification-awarding bodies. To find a course leading to an accredited health and safety qualification look at the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority website www.qca.org.uk/qualifications. Secondly you could offer on the job training or classroom based learning individually or in groups. Computer based or interactive learning is a very fast, accurate and fun way of teaching the employees.

Role of James Baldwin in the Civil Rights Movement Essays -- NAACP Nat

Throughout most of the 1950’s and 60’s there was a strong push by Black Americans to end their unfair treatment in America. Two main groups during this time were working on this problem. The NAACP and the Nation of Islam were two main groups working on and poised to solve this very dilemma. Despite trying to solve the same crisis their ideas on a solution were very different. Since their views were varied, people in turn had different views on which group they would become associated with. This inspired many writers to publicly display their beliefs on the issue. In â€Å"Down at the Cross,† Baldwin displays favor toward the methodology of the NAACP in the Civil Rights Movement because of their beliefs in the American system. Even though he was partial towards the NAACP he still believed in some of the teachings of the Nation of Islam especially in their views of keeping Black pride and Black values. These notions lead to the fact that Baldwin seeks a mixture of these two factions. The NAACP made many strides in America to help integrate Whites and Blacks. This group’s main method of mixing the races was through the legal system. The path they picked caused many issues with Baldwin and one he perceived is that â€Å"very few liberals have any notion how long, how costly, and how heartbreaking a task it is to gather the evidence that one can carry into court, or how long such court battles take.† (Baldwin 320). So not only is it hard on the pocket, but Baldwin believes â€Å"there is no reason that Black men should be expected to be more patient, more forbearing, more farseeing than whites; indeed, quite the contrary† (Baldwin 321). One can see that Baldwin felt that the NAACP’s methods were slow and that the Black man should ... ...d in this way everyone in America can become part off this greater whole. Then we can learn from each other’s mistakes and successes to become a greater family because â€Å"isn’t love more important than color?† (Baldwin 327). Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Down at the Cross.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1988. 63-84. Barbour, Floyd B., ed. The Black Power Revolt. Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1968. â€Å"G. O. P. Picks Volpe in Massachusetts.† New York Times 12 Jan 1960. Jones, LeRoi. â€Å"The Need For a Cultural Base to Civil Rites & Bpower Mooments.† Barbour. 119-126. Poussaint, Alvin F. â€Å"The Negro American: His Self-Image and Integration.†Barbour. 94-102. Wright, Nathan Jr. â€Å"The Crisis Which Bred Black Power.† Barbour. 103-118. â€Å"Union Aides Rebut Bias Accusation.† New York Times 5 Jan 1961. Role of James Baldwin in the Civil Rights Movement Essays -- NAACP Nat Throughout most of the 1950’s and 60’s there was a strong push by Black Americans to end their unfair treatment in America. Two main groups during this time were working on this problem. The NAACP and the Nation of Islam were two main groups working on and poised to solve this very dilemma. Despite trying to solve the same crisis their ideas on a solution were very different. Since their views were varied, people in turn had different views on which group they would become associated with. This inspired many writers to publicly display their beliefs on the issue. In â€Å"Down at the Cross,† Baldwin displays favor toward the methodology of the NAACP in the Civil Rights Movement because of their beliefs in the American system. Even though he was partial towards the NAACP he still believed in some of the teachings of the Nation of Islam especially in their views of keeping Black pride and Black values. These notions lead to the fact that Baldwin seeks a mixture of these two factions. The NAACP made many strides in America to help integrate Whites and Blacks. This group’s main method of mixing the races was through the legal system. The path they picked caused many issues with Baldwin and one he perceived is that â€Å"very few liberals have any notion how long, how costly, and how heartbreaking a task it is to gather the evidence that one can carry into court, or how long such court battles take.† (Baldwin 320). So not only is it hard on the pocket, but Baldwin believes â€Å"there is no reason that Black men should be expected to be more patient, more forbearing, more farseeing than whites; indeed, quite the contrary† (Baldwin 321). One can see that Baldwin felt that the NAACP’s methods were slow and that the Black man should ... ...d in this way everyone in America can become part off this greater whole. Then we can learn from each other’s mistakes and successes to become a greater family because â€Å"isn’t love more important than color?† (Baldwin 327). Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Down at the Cross.† 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1988. 63-84. Barbour, Floyd B., ed. The Black Power Revolt. Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1968. â€Å"G. O. P. Picks Volpe in Massachusetts.† New York Times 12 Jan 1960. Jones, LeRoi. â€Å"The Need For a Cultural Base to Civil Rites & Bpower Mooments.† Barbour. 119-126. Poussaint, Alvin F. â€Å"The Negro American: His Self-Image and Integration.†Barbour. 94-102. Wright, Nathan Jr. â€Å"The Crisis Which Bred Black Power.† Barbour. 103-118. â€Å"Union Aides Rebut Bias Accusation.† New York Times 5 Jan 1961.

Movie Tsotsi Role in Society Essay

In the beginning of the movie Tsotsi role in society is the gangster. Him and his gang lurk around the urban area of South Africa looking for people to mug. In this movie you can see how his sub-culture has a effect on him also the conflict theory by Karl Marx and Web DuBois comes to play. The conflict theory states that Conflict is a part of our progression. It actually causes the change. The with the main character in this movie is a young man who plays the role of a gangster hiding the fact of his traumatic experience at a young age, when his abusive father killed his mother and kicked the family’s dog. This experience changes him and makes him more of a harsh person. Later on him the movie Tsotsi commits a robbery for a woman’s Mercedes-Benz he takes the lady out of her car and shoots her then takes off with the car. What he didn’t expect was the lady had her baby in the back seat of the car. When he realizes the baby in the back seat of the car he follows a woman with child home and forces her at gunpoint to feed the child. This might sound like a very hostile act to some but why would a â€Å"gangster† put a gun to a woman to feed a child that is not his. This shows a change in his way of thinking because now he is thinking of another life other than his. Then he goes back to the house where the baby lives with his gang as an attempt of robbery but in actuality he is going to get the babies bag from his room. Now he goes back to the lady for the lady that he put at gunpoint to feed the child for another feeding and she realizes that the baby is stolen and tells him to give the baby back he already took the woman’s legs at least give her back her child and he listens. Now you can see how the conflict theory comes to play he changes from a gangster to a father of a stolen baby now he’s listen to a woman he hardly even knows to do what’s right for that child’s life. He leaves is counterculture (gang) and does the right thing knowing that he will be going to jail for kidnapping, car theft and attempted murder.

Ethical Treatment of Prisoners Essay

Some people believe the history of corrections shows continuous movement toward more humane treatment of prisoners as society has progressed. In the beginning punishments for prisoners were considered a corporal punishment which was whipping, beheading, dismembering, torture or even death. There was fines, dispersion of property were common which was more common than the physical torture. Execution was the economic and corporal punishment as the estate was forfeited. The economic and physical sanctions have given way of imprisonment less depreciation in the liberty of parole and probation. When there are thousands of crimes incarcerated throughout the United States, the ethical treatment of prisoner’s rights must be analyzed. Throughout the years many modifications have been made to accommodate inmates and preserve their basic human rights. Have we as a society done enough regarding the ethical treatment of prisoners or have we made their lives in prison too easy that it is no longer a punishment for them? There are many people in the United States who have strong feelings of what is right and wrong and fall on both sides of this question. Utilitarianism is the belief that moral rules should be choices made by a society to promote the happiness of its members Mosser (2010). Through the utilitarian view the argument could be made that these prisoners are being treated to good and not good enough. Utilitarianism gives an understandable, theoretical foundation for moral decision making. Prior to coming to a decision upon a course of action, the utilitarian is asked to consider its effects on the entire population over an infinite period of time Mosser (2010). One problem with this method of decision-making is that many people might not agree with the premise that maximization of happiness should be the basis for morality. An example of this is an eye for an eye; if you kill someone in my family then I will have your life. In earlier history like the cowboy era this is how criminals were treated. Now, this is no longer accepted in our society. Our society’s ethical values have changed. For hundreds of years, prisoners had no rights. That is until 1909 when the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that although convicts have lost their freedom; they do have civil rights Davenport (2009). During this era, institutions were legally immune in state and federal courts from lawsuits, also called the hands-off doctrine, wardens ran their facilities as they felt necessary and were not held accountable for the conditions that existed in their facility Davenport (2009). Prisoners were beaten regularly and denied the basics such as food, medical care, and protection from staff or other inmates. These types of incidents continued for many of years. In the 1960’s several legal avenues opened for prisoners. Prisoners would now have the ability to have their grievances heard in state and federal courts. One of the major changes that enabled this is the cruel and unusual punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment; another is the civil rights provisions of Section 1983 of Title 42 of the U. S. Code Davenport (2009). The Eighth Amendment asserts that excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted Davenport (2009). The cruel and unusual punishment clause was not intended for prisoners; rather the focus was on punishment outside the law. The clause also did not apply to state prisoners. The Supreme Court heard very few cases in this era. In the 1960’s, the Supreme Court began to incorporate the Bill of Rights to state laws. This meant the cruel and unusual punishment clause now included prisons and prisoners. Prisoner’s then began to file suits to change the way prisons operated, citing cruel and unusual punishment, inadequate healthcare, demanding more access to courts and due process. People who are employed in the justice system have to exhibit strength of mind and body to prove they are worthy to be in charge of those who may be a danger to society. This fact alone places these individuals in a position of power, and without a personal and professional code of ethics to live by; this power could be taken out of context. This could lead to damage within the system, as well as out on the street. For these people must make moral decisions everyday. A personal set of ethics can often be hard to define. Ethics are not on a person’s mind as they make various choices throughout the day. When a person sub-consciously makes one judgment or another, they are not aware that ethics plays a role in the decisions that are made. In examining ethical egoism and utilitarianism my personal view is definitely closer to utilitarianism than ethical egoism. Utilitarianism is an exceedingly, even extremely demanding moral view for most people. If we have a duty to always bring about the best outcome, than any time we can increase the well-being of others, we have a moral duty to do so. I believe it is morally better to help the most people at a time than to serve the self interest of one person. The thousands of crimes incarcerated throughout the United States had their day in court and are now housed in a penal institution to serve out their sentence. As a society we have passed ethical laws to protect the prisoners against harm from others and to make sure they are treated with respect. Through the eyes of utilitarianism arguments are made that these prisoners are being treated to good by some and not good enough by others. Regardless of which theories or ethical beliefs a person chooses to believe in they must follow the law or they could end up as a prisoner in the United States. Those in the justice system sworn to protect prisoners can not choose to follow their own beliefs but they must follow the laws and regulation set forth before them. Ethics as a form of intellectual inquiry does not provide answers to moral questions. People with beliefs about right and wrong do. Societies are built upon those beliefs. As we have analyzed the ethical treatment of prisoners with theories of ethics we can argue that society’s views of right and wrong coincide with reality, are representative of the objective moral order, and encompass the will of the people with regards to their treatment. Davenport, A. U. (2009). Basic criminal law: the constitution, procedure, and crimes (2nd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson

Hawthorne essays

Hawthorne essays Hawthornes Picture of Puritanism The Puritans were a group of people who came over from England to the new world for religious freedom. They believed that the Anglican Church of was not strict enough. They first attempted religious freedom in Holland, but they were not happy there. They were not happy in Holland, so they saved their money and came to America. Puritans believed that the purpose of life was to get to heaven. Their time here was a passage way to heaven or hell. Although they believed that their lives were predestined, they tried to live their lives without sin in hopes that they would go to heaven, not hell. They thought that God had already chosen who would be going to heaven and who would be going to hell as far back as when he created the world. William Bradford encapsulates Puritan ideas in his writing. We see this in his story set on the Mayflower. There was a young man on the boat. He was putting down the poor on the ship because they were seasick on the way over. Bradford says, and did not let to tell them that he hoped to cast half of them overboard before they came to their journeys end, and to make merry with what they had (314). This young man was sinning as far as the Puritans thought. He was doing harm onto another person. And as far as the Puritans believed, something like this would send you to hell. Further in the passage, But it pleased God before they came half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first that was thrown overboard... (Bradford 314). The young man on the ship has threatened the chosen people and in turn God protects them by striking the young man sick and having him being the first to be cast off the boat. We have read two stories by...

Prepositions in English Grammar

Prepositions in English Grammar In English grammar, a preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. Prepositions are words like in and out, above and below, and to and from,  and theyre words we use all the time. How useful are prepositions? Just look at how many prepositions are italicized in this simple sentence from E.B. Whites Charlottes Web: For  the first few days  of  his life, Wilbur was allowed to live  in  a box  near  the stove  in  the kitchen. Prepositions in English Grammar Prepositions are one of the basic  parts of speech  and are among the words that we use most when composing sentences. They are also a member of a closed word class, meaning  that it is very rare for a new preposition to enter the language. There are only about 100 of them in English. Prepositions often refer to location  (under  the table), direction (to  the south), or time (past  midnight). They can also be used to convey other relationships: agency (by), comparison (like, as . . . as), possession (of), purpose (for), or source (from, out of). Simple Prepositions Many prepositions are made up of only one word and are called  simple prepositions. These include short and very common words like  as, at, by, for, and of.  You also use prepositions such as about, between, into, like, onto, since, than, through, with, within, and without to show a relationship between words. There are many occasions where you might confuse prepositions. For example, sometimes it is difficult to know when you should use  in, into, on, or at.  This is because their meanings are very similar, so you have to look at the context of the sentence. Many prepositions have an opposite as well. For instance, you can use  before or after, inside or outside, off or on, over or under, and  up or down.   Quite a few prepositions express the relationship of things in space. Examples of these include aboard, across, amid, among, around, atop, behind, beneath, beside, beyond, near, over, round,  and upon. Prepositions can also refer to time. Among the most common are  after, before,  during, till,  and  until. Other prepositions have unique uses or can be used in multiple ways. Some of these include  about, against, along, despite, regarding, throughout, toward,  and  unlike. Complex Prepositions In addition  to  the simple prepositions, several word groups can perform the same grammatical function. These are called  complex prepositions. They are two- or three-word units that combine one or two simple prepositions with another word. Within this category, you have phrases like  in addition to  and such as.  Whenever you say  thanks to or in between, you are also using a complex preposition. Identifying Prepositional Phrases Prepositions are not in the habit of standing alone. A word group with a preposition at the head followed by an  object  (or  complement) is called a  prepositional phrase. The object of a preposition is typically a  noun  or  pronoun:  Gus put the horse  before the cart. Prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in sentences. They usually tell us  where, when,  or  how and the words of a prepositional phrase can often be rearranged. A prepositional phrase may do the work of an  adjective  and modify a noun:  The student  in the back row  began to snore loudly. It may also function as an  adverb  and modify a verb:  Buster fell asleep  during class. Learning to identify prepositional phrases is often a matter of practice. After some time you will come to realize how frequently we rely on them. Ending a Sentence With a Preposition You may have a heard the rule that you should never  end a sentence with a preposition. This is one of those rules that you dont have to put up with. It is based on the etymology of preposition, from the Greek for put in front, as well as a false analogy to Latin. As long ago as 1926, Henry Fowler dismissed the rule about preposition  stranding as a cherished superstition ignored by major writers from Shakespeare to Thackeray. In fact, in A Dictionary of Modern English Usage he said, the remarkable freedom enjoyed by English in putting its  prepositions  late and omitting its relatives is an important element in the flexibility of the language. Essentially, you can ignore this rule, and you can cite Fowler to anyone who tells you otherwise. Go ahead and end your sentence with a preposition if you want to. Prepositions Functioning as Another Part of Speech Just because you see one of the prepositions weve mentioned used, does not mean that they are being used as a preposition. It depends on the circumstances, and this is one of those tricky parts of the English language, so dont let these fool you. Certain prepositions (after, as, before, since, until) serve as  subordinating conjunctions  when theyre followed by a  clause: You better get out of town  before  sundown. (Before  is used as a preposition.)Many people run out of ideas long  before  they run out of words. (Before  is used as a conjunction.) Some prepositions (including  about, across, around, before, down, in, on, out,  and  up) also moonlight as  adverbs. These are sometimes called  prepositional adverbs  or  adverbial  particles. Beth walked  up  the driveway. (The preposition up is followed by the object.)Beth looked  up. (The prepositional adverb up  is modifying the verb looked.) Deverbal Prepositions Transitive prepositions that take the same form as -ing participles or -ed participles are called deverbal prepositions. It is a rather short list, but it is important to understand that these are also prepositions. according (to)allowing (for)barringconcerningcountingexceptingexcludingfailingfollowinggivengonegrantedincludingowing (to)pertaining (to)regardingrespectingsavingtouchingwanting Source: Fowler H.  A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1965.

National Security Affairs of Iraq Research Paper

National Security Affairs of Iraq - Research Paper Example This conflict has greatly divided the national purpose of Iraq. The Iraq’s National Security Affairs can be termed as having a complex framework characterized by burdensome issues associated with untangling and security issues connected to terrorist groups. The country has also been linked to most of the criminal events in the Middle East. Despite the above situation, the Iraq’s political scene is trying its level best to keep afloat through associating with other nations such as the United States. Its internal security is under complete control by its army following the withdrawal of American troops. The government has however admitted that it has along way to go in terms of attaining a stable national security especially in relation to technical issues in its intelligence apparatus. The Iraq’s army is not yet qualified to maintain peace and order in the country as it is still unsuited for such duties. In relation to the international community especially other Arab Spring countries, its foreign policy has not yet been fully established and this has led to fluid situations in such Arab countries preventing Iraq from attaining a stable approach with regards to its foreign policy. Cases like those witnessed in Syria have resulted to a sectarian dimension that has resulted to an acute effect on Iraq following its diverse sectarian composition. Despite the American withdrawal from Iraq, the two countries have maintained a close tie especially when it comes to Iraq’s National Security with America in full support of her security affairs. IDEOLOGY The Ideology of Iraq stems from the radical Islamists who are pursuing a vision that they believed to be universalists with regards to Sharia Law. They came out strongly seeking the interpretation of this law with regards to the war. According to the Sharia Law, the people’s voice had no position in any political system that obey the rules made by God (Ali 2009). This conflicting position left the mood of the public to be variable yet the law was external. The war against liberalism believed to be waged by the al-Qaeda as well as its affiliates represents a political manifestation of the mindset that resisted Westernization and globalization. The al-Qaeda had a number of complains with regards to American culture and the impact it had on the Iraq people. The American culture was looked at as to be resulting in immorality, hypocrisy and polytheism among the Iraq people Iraq had been closely associated with the Activities of Osama Bin Laden and that led to most of the international countries to declare war on Iraq with the USA being on the fore front. The United States under President Bush was against the democracy principles employed in the country at that time as well as all the leaders who were out to enact it. The International community was agitating for democratic elections to be held which would ensure that the existing government as well as the popular soverei gnty was eliminated now that the two had led to deviation and infidelity to the true desirable path (Ali 2009). Consequently the international community was ready to fight any person or force that was after malicious ideology and referred to such forces as infidels.

Copyright Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Copyright Issues - Essay Example he originator realized that their contribution has received acknowledgement in different regions, and there is no mention of their name and contribution. Copyright laws have provided concrete protection to the misuse of art, however it fails to up bring and provides opportunities to other artist to work upon and carry forward the work of other master piece. Copyright laws have banned the duplication or any other form of plagiarisms, neither has it permitted any form of alteration or modification efforts of the individual for the improvement of the work piece. Therefore if Copyright laws are positive step towards protection of the master piece, however it has taken an offensive step against the emerging artist who seeks alteration in previous master piece. Therefore it is really important for the artist community to understand that the implementation of copyright laws have narrowed the spectrum of creativity that the young artist possessed to launch and experiment their skills in earl y stages. Internet has so far being partially successful in execution and implementation of the copyright laws, initially the services and offerings of the internet operated not under any international copyright agreement. During this period it was observed that the emerging artist seek guidance from the masterpiece available, this practice was enhancing their skills, but later when few of those involved themselves into malpractice the society realized that copyright laws needed to be implemented internationally. The positive aspects was ignored i.e. skills and motivations of the young artist was improving. The internet regulation and monitoring is however stable in developed countries, it is saddening to observe that in many developing countries like China, Pakistan and India, internet is still the frequent mode of plagiarism, all this is under the notice of the internet agencies based in United States and Europe, but no action has been taken because such regulations and violations

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 16

Sociology - Essay Example Karl Marx was an infamous theorist whose â€Å"Alienation† theory describes society as a whole striving to perfect the world and at its peak of success with abundant resources; it fails to do so because it is flawed through individual isolation (Kivisto 3). Humans cannot conquer nature or practice self-control when it comes to the exploitation of resources. Even the heavy operation of an object alienates a man. Marx explains: For it is clear on this presupposition that the more the worker expends himself in work the more powerful becomes the world of objects which he creates in face of himself, the poorer he becomes in his inner life, and the less he belongs to himself. (Wendling 13) Although, mankind has the ability to feed every one and counter hunger, people continue to starve. Marx says this is due to the fact that when a man alienates himself from other men, he in-turn alienates himself from human life (Wendling 17). Marx believes that a man does not belong to himself when he is performing an act that constitutes as cultural practice because it is society that is placing its social imprint on him. For example, â€Å"The worker puts his life into the object, and his life then belongs no longer to himself, but to the object† (Wendling 13). A man, therefore, belongs to the object. This is society affecting the self. Durkheim’s theory of â€Å"Social Fact† does not stray far from Marx’s idea. That is because he divides social facts into two categories: material and nonmaterial. The material aspect corresponds with Marx’s description of an object and how it influences an individual’s social behavior. Where Marx says this is what alienates a man, Durkheim describes it as the drive behind what society cherishes or assigns purpose to communally (Kivisto 16). If the social facts are revealed, it can help scientists and sociologists examine the causes and effects of behaviors and laws among mankind. For instance, Durkheim studied suicide rates

The Fast Moving Consumer Goods Information Technology Essay

The Fast Moving Consumer Goods Information Technology Essay FMCG industry, on the other hand called as CPG Consumer packaged goods industry primarily deals with the production, distribution and marketing of consumer packaged goods. The Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is those consumables which are normally consumed by the consumers at a regular interval. Some of the prime activities of FMCG industry are selling, marketing, financing, purchasing, etc. The industry also betrothed in operations, supply chain, production and general management. FMCG industry provides a wide range of consumables and accordingly the amount of money circulated against FMCG products is also very high. The competition among FMCG manufacturers is also growing and as a result of this, investment in FMCG industry is also increasing, specifically in India, where FMCG industry is regarded as the fourth largest sector with total market size of US$13.1 billion. FMCG Sector in India is estimated to grow 60% by 2010. FMCG industry is regarded as the largest sector in New Zealand which accounts for 5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Some common FMCG product categories include food and dairy products, glassware, paper products, pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, packaged food products, plastic goods, printing and stationery, household products, photography, drinks etc. and some of the examples of FMCG products are coffee, tea, dry cells, greeting cards, gifts, detergents, tobacco and cigarettes, watches, soaps etc. Some of the well known FMCG companies are Sara Lee, Nestlà ©, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Procter Gamble, LOreal, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills, Pepsi and Mars etc. The purpose of this topic is to investigate the relationship between the factors that affect the outsourcing decisions in FMCG industry of Pakistan. There are higher trends seen in the market for outsourcing in many FMCG companies but still it is reflecting as there are a number of factors which inhibit the FMCG companies to make outsourcing decisions. Outsourcing occurs as a result of intimate acquaintance between subcontractors and managing departments. Outsourcers want to decrease the cost of production and the cost of management by distributing work to avoid other costs such as wages and compensation. However, outsourcing helps society by decreasing unemployment, making the economy grow and decreasing social problems. Outsourcing is also a way to boost the economy and it helps producing industries to survive in the market. However, it is not a guarantee that the producing industries will survive. It is just one of the devices that FMCGs should use in management, but it depends on managerial efficiency in the industries. If FMCGs want to survive in the age of globalization, they have to adopt management techniques suitable for each situation in order to survive in the current industrial climate. Nowadays, macroeconomics and microeconomics have been changing very rapidly, in every region. This situation is forcing all countries in the world to adapt to competition resulting from globalization, including modifying government policies, international relations, free trade area agreements, etc. Changes are also occurring in industrial management, especially organizational management, production management and technology, delivery, and marketing management, in response to both local and international competition. In the competitive environment of manufacturing concerns and evolving technological era, to enhance efficiency and productivity, cost remains a challenge to overall manufacturing industry to compete with rivals in providing the best total lower cost to end customers and to secure the market share in order to add value to the shareholders. To invest heavily in capital investment such as machineries, buildings and land to expand space in supporting the production operation is a burden to most companies if the return of investment is not valuably. Organizations that outsource are seeking to realize benefits or address the following issues: Cost savings The lowering of the overall cost of the service to the business. This will involve reducing the scope, defining quality levels, re-pricing, re-negotiation, and cost re-structuring. Access to lower cost economies through off shoring called labor arbitrage generated by the wage gap between industrialized and developing nations. Focus on Core Business Resources (for example investment, people, and infrastructure) are focused on developing the core business. For example often organizations outsource their IT support to specialized IT services companies. Cost restructuring   Operating leverage  is a measure that compares fixed costs to variable costs. Outsourcing changes the balance of this ratio by offering a move from fixed to variable cost and also by making variable costs more predictable. Improve quality Achieve a steep change in quality through contracting out the service with a new service level agreement. Knowledge Access to intellectual property and wider experience and knowledge. Contract Services will be provided to a legally binding contract with financial penalties and legal redress. This is not the case with internal services. Operational expertise Access to operational best practice that would be too difficult or time consuming to develop in-house. Access to talent Access to a larger talent pool and a sustainable source of skills, in particular in science and engineering. Capacity management An improved method of capacity management of services and technology where the risk in providing the excess capacity is borne by the supplier. Catalyst for change An organization can use an outsourcing agreement as a catalyst for major step change that cannot be achieved alone. The outsourcer becomes a  Change agent  in the process. Enhance capacity for innovation Companies increasingly use external knowledge service providers to supplement limited in-house capacity for product innovation. Reduce time to market The acceleration of the development or production of a product through the additional capability brought by the supplier. Co modification The trend of standardizing business processes, IT Services, and application services which enable to buy at the right price, allows businesses access to services which were only available to large corporations. Risk management An approach to  risk management  for some types of risks is to partner with an outsourcer who is better able to provide the mitigation. Venture Capital Some countries match government funds venture capital with private  venture capital  for start-ups that start businesses in their country. Tax Benefit Countries offer tax incentives to move manufacturing operations to counter high corporate taxes within another country. Scalability The outsourced company will usually be prepared to manage a temporary or permanent increase or decrease in production. Creating leisure time Individuals may wish to outsource their work in order to optimize their work-leisure balance. FMCG Industry and Outsourcing Companies that were struggling to increase the capacity to support the ramp up demand at times were upset when there was a drastic downturn of demand cut. As a result, the sudden downturn would affect the resources and investment that were put into supporting the end customers demand. Team of human resources and machineries that consumed production space and being idled would increase the overhead and fixed cost, thus affecting the companies badly in their financial statements. In addition, training and development to up skill internal resource skills set in terms of running the operation effectively, bringing up technical content expert, specialist ability to perform research and development to add value, effective management and maintaining the operation would require significant investment in human resources. Thus, most of the companies started to explore opportunities to reduce cost and to improve profit margin in order to maintain competitive edge in the market. One of the identified opportunities was to outsource non-core business functions to external service providers at a lower operating cost. Outsourcing decisions are those strategic decisions that change the operating strategy of an organization both in manufacturing and services. The most important step in any outsourcing decision is to clearly define the scope of the activities that are being considered for outsourcing versus previously in sourced. Outsourcing becomes a basic strategy of the FMCG industry and is essential for FMCG firms to stay competitive in the global environment. From firms perspective, outsourcing offers several advantages, such as reducing or stabilizing overhead costs, gaining cost advantage over the competition, concentrating on core activities and organizational specializations, providing flexibility in response to changing market conditions, and reducing investment in high technology based manufacturing organizations. Through 2004 onward business growth strategy changes and business growth was restored as the first priority for most worldwide businesses, making cost reduction the second or third priority. Ensuring business growth as well as business process speed, agility and cost reduction requires a unique mix of internal and external capabilities, skills, services and processes. Only a business-driven sourcing strategy supported by good-enough sourcing execution capabilities will guarantee successful business outcomes as well as improved performance and competitiveness. Lack of an outsourcing strategy or relevant skills and processes to manage outsourcing relationships is the most important reason for the failure of service and manufacturing industry. Global competition, increasing regulation and inspection, the development of specific standards and the industrialization of services will raise the competitive bar for the FMCGs services and business processes, making it compulsory for the FMCGs to work on their core business in source let the others do their job for you. By competing on core competencies and outsourcing non-core areas, FMCG companies achieve consistently higher performance over the globe in all fields especially manufacturing and supply chains through consistent focusing and tracking their Key performance indicators. For any of the company to make decision for in source or outsource, its the company strategic decision which will make the basis for the whole in source or outsource process. For making any decision, decision maker will consider the following perspective in their mind or they must have good answers for these questions. Determine what your company needs to or should do best strategy driven long-term positioning Determine how best to do things profit driven short to intermediate term competitiveness INSOURCING/ OUTSOURCING STRATEGIC DECISION KEY STEPS IN SERVICE BASE INDUSTRY An executive level cross-functional decision-making process identifies core competencies and areas for internal investment. The level of internal control required by the companies and prospective direction for operational insource/ outsource decisions are identified and analyzed based on strategic value and relative competitiveness of the company in the market. Document complete strategic decision making process and the implementation process for the strategic decision being made as it provides closed-loop assessment for continuous improvement of the decision in the long run. Align the implementation strategies, processes and Key performance indicators with criteria and assumptions used in strategy formulation or development and in sourcing /outsourcing decision process. STANDARDIZED OUTSOURCING PROCESS FLOW IN FMCG INDUSTRY Stage Key Activities Rough Timeline BU Role COE Role Opportunity Consideration Align on business need gain mgmt commitment to evaluate options Identify options to consider (e.g., internal cost savings, consolidation, off-shoring, outsourcing) Perform Options Analysis / Size of Prize (not detailed financial analysis) If potential for outsourcing, contact outsourcing COE for support NA PR PR PR PR C C Evaluation Team Kick-Off Establish small team to perform preliminary evaluation of outsourcing (Project Mgr/Business Mgr, Deal Mgr, Purchases Mgr, FA Mgr, HR Mgr, External Rel.) 1-2 wks PR C Initiate Evaluation Project Agree on top-line preferred deal parameters with OS COE (e.g., general scope boundaries, sell all vs. partial assets) Develop Keep Price Analysis using the CBA model (COE website) Develop preliminary project success criteria Develop preliminary project process, timing and critical path Consider advisory needs (e.g. external consultants, legal support) Consider need for employee communication pre-market evaluation activity Confirm business management alignment support to evaluate the option 1-4 wks SR SR SR SR C SR PR SR SR SR SR PR SR C Market Evaluation/Discovery Analyze market and identify potential suppliers (e.g., market position, capabilities, potential for savings monetization) Develop supplier materials (cold call message operation review presentation) Meet with suppliers (generally worth meeting w/up to 10 or so if available) Evaluate findings of visits and determine potential for outsourcing RFI may go out as part of typical assessment activity 4-8 wks PR PR C SR C C PR SR Decision to Pursue Outsourcing Refine project objectives, scope, etc. (w/knowledge of market evaluation) Prepare recommendation to pursue outsourcing Gain management approval per Decision Authority PRIOR to RFP Determine the small group of suppliers to be engaged in an RFP (3-4 ideally) Execute CDAs with these suppliers Expand project team (RFP leader, Legal, Administrative support, etc) Develop communication plan communicate to employees if not yet been done Base Case Financials 2-3 wks PR PR PR SR PR PR C C C SR PR C C RFP Development Draft and gain approval to RFP Develop RFP timeline (release date, supplier engagements, site visits, submittal date) Release RFP and instructions to suppliers 4-6 wks PR C PR TPO PR TPO RFP Process Execution Perform step-by-step RFP completion process w/suppliers (e.g., RFP review session, electronic QA cycle, preliminary solution review) Receive review bids, and execute formal solution walk-thru process Get revised bids and perform evaluation (operational, HR, financial) 4-8 wks SR SR SR SR SR SR Downs elect Process Develop recommendation to down select to 1 or 2 suppliers (keep 2 suppliers ideally to maintain competitive environment) Get management agreement 1-2 wks PR PR C C Due Diligence Conduct due diligence as required (us on suppliers; suppliers on us) 1-2 wks PR TPO Final Bids Provides suppliers with draft contract Request Best Final Offers (if appropriate) 1-2 wks C C PR PR Negotiations and Contract Signing Negotiate detailed price and contract terms (w/2 suppliers as long as possible) Align on final down select Get management approval Finalize internal and external communication plans (with External Relations) Sign contract and execute related communications 4-6 wks C PR PR PR PR PR C TPO C C Transition and Closing Put full transition team in place Execute required transition steps (including road shows, job offers, etc) Develop and execute companion agreements in other countries Execute closing Prepare deal files 4-12 wks PR PR SR PR SR PR PR Primarily Responsible Total Time Required* SR Shared Responsibility 5 10 months (ex Transition) C Contributor 6 12 months (w/Transition) TPO Technical Process Oversight * will vary based on project scope Problem Statement The rapidly changing global industrial environment, cost of working capital, research and innovation, releasing key internal resources, concentrating on Core business functions, obtaining better organizational form has significant impact on outsourcing decision making in FMCG industry of Pakistan. Hypothesis H1: Outsourcing activities are increasing day by day in FMCG Industry of Pakistan. H2: FMCG industries are Outsourcing in all areas of their business not only manufacturing operation. H3: FMCG industries are Outsourcing to reduce Operating cost. H4: FMCG Industries are outsourcing to increase concentration on their core business. H5: FMCG Industries are outsourcing to Improve Quality of Services. H6: FMCG Industries are outsourcing to Acquire Specialized expertise and knowledge H7: FMCG industries are focusing on Selective Outsourcing. H8: FMCG industries have midterm Outsourcing contracts. H9: FMCG industries make Outsourcing contracts with good reputable companies. H10: FMCG industries make Outsourcing contracts with companies that produce at lower cost. H11: FMCG industries make Outsourcing contracts with companies that have advance technology and management experience. H12: Losing control of the certain business is the major concern in FMCG industries to make Outsourcing contracts. H13: Increasing dependence with outsourcers is the major concern in FMCG industries to make Outsourcing contracts. H14: Difficult to bring in source after conflicts is the major concern in FMCG industries to make Outsourcing contracts. H15: Disclosure of commercial secrets is the major concern in FMCG industries to make Outsourcing contracts. H16: Conflict of Interest with outsourcing partner is the major concern in FMCG industries to make Outsourcing contracts. Outline of the Study The research structure based on five chapters as follows: Introduction about the Outsourcing and FMCG industry. The literature review had provided theoretical background of the research and cites author had previously researched on the topic of factors affecting outsourcing decision The research methods chapter included method of data collection, statistical technique and hypothesis development. The results chapter had included findings and interpretation of the results. The conclusion, discussions, implications and recommendation section provided the final logical analysis. Definitions Outsourcing Outsourcing is an agreement in which any task; operation, job or process that could be performed by employees within an organization, but is instead contracted to a third party for a significant period of time-one Company provides services for another company that could also be or usually have been provided in-house. FMCGs   It is an acronym for  Fast Moving Consumer Goods. It is defined as fast selling, low unit value  consumer products  normally in universal  demand. It includes categories like foods, soft  drinks, toiletries, cosmetics and other non-durables. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Most of the companies that were struggling to increase the capacity to support the ramp up demand at times were upset when there was a drastic downturn of demand cut. As a result, the sudden downturn would affect the resources and investment that were put into supporting the end customers demand. Team of human resources and machineries that consumed production space and being idled would increase the overhead and fixed cost, thus affecting the companies badly in their financial statements. In addition, training and development to up skill internal resource skills set in terms of running the operation effectively, bringing up technical content expert, specialist ability to perform research and development to add value, effective management and maintaining the operation would require significant investment in human resources (David Mackey and Kaye Thorne, 2003). Thus, most of the companies started to explore opportunities to reduce cost and to improve profit margin in order to maintain competitive edge in the market. One of the identified opportunities was to outsource non-core business functions to external service providers at a lower operating cost. Outsourcing decisions are those strategic decisions that change the operations strategy of an organization both in manufacturing and services. The most important step in any outsourcing decision is to clearly define the scope of the operations that are being considered for outsourcing (Cook, Mary, F. and Gildner, Scoot B. 2008). Human resource professionals throughout the world are being asked to do more or less, to enhance productivity while controlling costs and to find out new ways to increase profitability. (Uddin, Gazi, M. 2005). Outsourcing is not a new notion. For decades, jobs have been migrated from other part of the countries namely American and European countries as well as other overseas countries to global service providers primarily India, China, Singapore and Malaysia due to lower operating cost. According to Cynthia A. Kroll (2004), a regional economist from University of California Berkeley, the recent wave of outsourcing affected a different mix of jobs, at different wage levels. It was not confined only to a small set of industries but cut across all industrial sectors in new geographic area rapidly (Cynthia A. Kroll, 2004). William P. DiMartini (2005), Senior Vice President at SunGard Availability Services said businesses in all industry segments found that limited internal resources would make outsourcing an attractive, cost-effective and prudent option that would allow them to focus on their core competencies (AccountingWEB.com, 2005). Demand for outsourcing is a result of demand for organizational products by the target audience. On the basis of organizational estimate of total turnover, practicing managers can attempt to establish the nature and type of outsourcing required to that esteemed goal (Uddin, Gazi M. 2005). Outsourcing advantages to name a few include lower operating cost, improve competitiveness, low in capital investment, shift resources to focus on core functions, generate demand for new growth and market segment, access to world class capability, sharing risks and make capital funds available for core business investment. Bangladesh is a least developed country, basically an agrarian economy, having around 24 million acres of cultivated land, employing about 14.5 million cultivators. Manufacturing industries have grown around Dhaka and Chittagong based on agriculture input of jute, cotton, chemical and gas based industries. Industrial production growth has averaged more than 6% over the last 5 years. The export sector has been the engine of industrial growth, with ready-made garments leading the way, having grown at an average of 30% over the last 5 years. Primary products constitute less than 10 percent of the countrys exports; the bulk of exports are manufactured/processed products, ready-made garments and knit wears in particular. (www.euroitx.com) There are many manufacturing concerns in Bangladesh that are looking into outsourcing opportunity to reduce cost and to overcome the internal limitations and achieve lower cost of operation. The country is now moving towards industry based economy from the agro-based one. Hence, this study was an attempt to access determinants influencing the outsourcing decision and to research the manufacturing concern in Bangladesh on how well the factors would influence the manufacturing industry in Bangladesh to outsource certain function of their business areas to external service providers. The study also aimed at finding out the influencing factors that influenced the companies in outsourcing decision and helped the companies to overcome the internal limitation barriers. In the early 1980s, outsourcing typically referred to the situation while organizations expanded their purchases of manufactured physical inputs, like car companies that purchased window cranks and seat fabrics from outside the firm rather than making them inside. Nowadays, outsourcing took on a different meaning. Presently it refers to a specific segment of the growing international trade. This segment consists of arms-length, or what Bhagvati (1984) called long-distance purchase of services abroad, principally, but not necessarily, via electronic mediums such as the telephone, fax and the Internet. Outsourcing can happen both though transactions by firms, like phone call centers staffed in Bangalore to sen7e customers in New York and X-rays transmitted digitally from Boston to be read in Bombay, or with direct consumption purchases by individuals, like when someone hires an offshore firm to provide plans for redesigning or redecorating a living room (Bhagwati, J. et al. 2004) In an era of rapid technological change and short product life cycles, companies were trying to reduce cost and maintain quality at the same time which implied that companies would need to specialize in what they did best and de-emphasize management attention from business processes that did not directly impact the business. Outsourcing was a means to partner with service providers so they could handle specific business processes better, faster and at a lower operating cost (V. Krishna Polineni, 2001). It was defined as the transferring one or more internal functions of an organization to an external service providers. According to the analyst Dean Davison, the outsourcing was growing about 20 percent to 25 percent per annum (Dean Davison, 2006). Outsourcing has become an alternative, which all major corporations must consider in order to remain competitive. It helped to increase efficiency, improve service quality, accountability, values, decreased headcounts and cash infusion and gain access to world class capability and sharing risk (The Outsourcing Institute, 2006). One of the primary advantages of outsourcing arises quickly from the reduction of overheads. This might give rise to an immediate, and possibly one-off, advantage in terms of the avoidance of future or recurrent capital outlay, and the savings in office space and equipment provisions if these could be released during the outsourcing decision. There was clearly a staff cost reduction possible here, and this could be the predominant element in directly-attributable, ongoing cost savings. The spin-off from this might benefit the business support services department where the outsourcing was partial, and could be especially useful where the capital cost was high and recurrent, particularly if there was uncertainty about the future costs of maintaining effective and competitive business support. It was an investment risk transfer, in other words. Where outsourcing is total, the benefit was accrued directly by the core business it translated to a capital injection to the customers busines s. This was one of the major driving reasons of the outsourcing of IT provision in the early 1990s generally agreed as having been led in 1989 by Kodak, which outsourced all of its IT operations to IBM (Jonathan Reuvid and John Hinks, 2001). This could also confer a great deal of flexibility on the company. For a centralized organization which was providing a range of its support services from its own personnel and offices, the move to outsourcing could allow a downsizing of the property commitments. Consider the impact on the organizational infrastructure requirements of a change to outsourcing IT provision, payroll and credit processing, pensions, catering, recruitment, training, Human Resource Management (HRM), cleaning, security, lettings, software development, estates and building management. It could also confer direct scope for downsizing or increased options for organizational re-structuring through property and HRM flexibility. The transfer of a non-core service provision to a variable cost would allow economies of scale to be passed on from the supplier, and also would mean that incremental changes in the process capacity of the customer (upwards or downwards) could be covered at proportional rather than quantum cost changes. Where scope to vary the scale of the contracted supply was agreed, this has allowed the business organization to make maximum use of its marginal capital for core process change rather than non-core process support change. This could allow decreased time to market for new products or processes, and also increased scope for changes. Outsourcing solutions can provide an excellent chance to get the company service provision out of a rut and, if properly managed, to stimulate new solutions to problems from the mixing of different approaches. A noticeable feature of the global economy is the enhancing international products. Robert Feenstra (1998) describes the remarkable international specialization in the manufacturing products. For example, the raw materials of manufacturing products like Barbie dolls (plastic and hair) are obtained from Taiwan and Japan. Assembly used to be done in those countries as well as to lower cost locations like Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and China. The growth in international specialization can also be observed in aggregate statistics. William Zeile and Gorden Hanson et al (2003) document the importance of trade within multinational firms. David Hummels et al. (2003) show that trade in intermediate inputs has grown faster than trade in finished products. While the globalization of production may yield important productivity benefits, there is a widespread view that it has also adversely affected low skilled workers. There are frequent media reports on how low-skilled labors in the firs t world countries are hurt when manufacturing jobs are relocated in the US and in many other countries have picked up on this theme to push for greater restrictions on trade with developing countries. Yet, despite its prominence in the public debate, there is little systematic evidence of the extent to which low-skilled workers are harmed by outsourcing to poor countries (Hsieh, Chang T. and Woo, Keong T., 2005). Outsourcing has existed in the USA for over 30 years particularly the business pr